Mgwirizano wanyengo ku Vietnam uli pamoto chifukwa chophwanya ufulu wa anthu: NPR

Vietnam ikuyenera kutenga mabiliyoni a madola kuchokera kumayiko olemera komanso osunga ndalama pazaka zingapo zikubwerazi kuti zithandizire kuchoka ku malasha kupita ku mphamvu zowonjezera. Cholinga chake ndi kulimbana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo pomwe tikutukula chuma cha dziko lino.

Ndalama – osachepera $15.5 biliyoni – idalonjezedwa pambuyo poti olimbikitsa nyengo ku Vietnam adakankhira boma kuti lidzipereke kuthetsa kapena kuthetsa kutulutsa mpweya wa carbon dioxide m’zaka zapakati. United States ndi ena omwe akuthandizira dongosolo la ndalama, lomwe limadziwika kuti Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP), akuti kulengeza kwamtunduwu ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kuti phindu la mgwirizano wanyengo likugawidwa kwambiri ku Vietnam.

Koma omenyera za chilengedwe tsopano ali ndi malo ochepa oti agwire ntchito mdziko muno. Olimbikitsa zanyengo omwe kampeni yawo idatsegulira njira ya JETP atsekeredwa m’ndende pazifukwa zomwe otsutsa akuti ndi zabodza zamisonkho. Akatswiri a zaufulu wa anthu ati kutsekeredwaku ndi gawo limodzi la nkhanza za magulu a anthu m’zaka zaposachedwa ndi chipani cholamula cha Communist ku Vietnam.

Poyankha nkhanzazi, magulu a anthu padziko lonse lapansi akukankhira maboma ndi mabungwe azachuma omwe akufuna kuyatsa Vietnam ku malasha kuti akakamize dzikoli pa machitidwe ake a ufulu wa anthu asanatumize ndalama.

Gulu la United Nations lapempha kuti Vietnam imasule m’modzi mwa omenyera ufulu wanyengo, a Dang Dinh Bach, anati achita sitaleka ndi njala mu June kutsutsa kumangidwa kwake. Payokha, mgwirizano wamagulu 36 omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe komanso ufulu wachibadwidwe adalembera Purezidenti Joe Biden ndi atsogoleri ena asanu ndi anayi padziko lonse lapansi koyambirira kwa mwezi uno kuwalimbikitsa kuti akakamize dziko la Vietnam kuti amasule omenyera ufulu omwe adamangidwa mopanda chilungamo. Akufunanso kuti boma la Vietnam lichotse ziletso pazokhudza anthu. Mgwirizanowu udatumizanso makalata ofananirako ku bungwe la World Bank la International Finance Corporation komanso banki ya Asia Development Bank, omwe akuyembekezeka kuthandizira ndalama zanyengo.

“Sipadzakhala “kusintha” kokha pokhapokha ngati ndondomeko zoletsa za Vietnam ndi kuzunzidwa kosalekeza kwa oteteza zachilengedwe m’dzikoli akuyankhidwa ndi kukonzedwanso, “mabungwe a 36 a anthu adalemba m’makalata opita kwa atsogoleri a dziko, omwe adagawidwa ndi NPR. “Ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi malo a anthu sayenera kukhala pansi pa zokambirana zanyengo.”

Zomwe zikuchitika ku Vietnam zikuwonetsa vuto lalikulu lowonetsetsa kuti ufulu wa anthu ukutetezedwa pamene mayiko akuyesera kuthana ndi vuto la kusintha kwa nyengo. Padziko lonse lapansi, pali nkhawa yomwe ikukulirakulira kuti zoyesayesa zochepetsera kutentha kwapadziko lonse lapansi zikukankhidwa ndi boma komanso kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu.

Kubwezera kotereku kungawononge kuyesetsa kuchepetsa mpweya. Akatswiri amanena kuti popanda gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito, n’zovuta kudziwa momwe ndalama zanyengo ndi chitukuko zimagwiritsidwira ntchito – komanso ngati zoyesayesa zochepetsera mpweya kapena kuthandiza anthu kuti azigwirizana ndi nyengo yovuta komanso kutuluka kwa mafakitale atsopano kukugwira ntchito.

“Zomwe tamva kuchokera kwa ena mwa omwe amagulitsa ndalama padziko lonse lapansi ndikuti powonekera bwino, izi zidzakulitsa chidaliro chawo pakuyika ndalama m’maiko ndi zigawo zina,” akutero Shuang Liu, yemwe amatsogolera Sustainable Finance Center ku World Resources Institute.

Gulu logwira ntchito la UN adapeza kuti kumangidwa kwa Bach kunali kopanda pake, komanso kuti chithandizo chake ndi kuphwanya malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. Wothandizira wina, Nguy Thi Khanh, anali akuti amasulidwa koyambirira kwa mwezi uno, akuwonetsa kuti ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apambane. Koma otsutsa boma la Vietnam ati posachedwapa akudziwa ngati atsogoleri a dzikolo angalole kusintha momwe amachitira ndi mabungwe.

A White House sanayankhe mauthenga ofuna ndemanga. Mneneri wa EU adakana kuyankhapo. Canada idati ndi maboma ena omwe akuthandizira mgwirizanowu adagwira ntchito ndi Vietnam “kuwonetsetsa kuti azikambirana pafupipafupi ndi anthu wamba.”

Kazembe waku Vietnam ku Washington sanayankhe mauthenga ofuna ndemanga.

Oyankhula a International Finance Corporation ndi Asian Development Bank ati mabungwewa ali ndi ndondomeko zoletsa kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu pamapulojekiti omwe akugwira nawo ntchito.

Funso ndilakuti -ndipo liti – ndondomekozi zikanagwiritsiridwa ntchito. Mbiri ya ufulu wachibadwidwe ku Vietnam ndi “yowopsa m’madera onse,” malinga ndi Human Rights Watch. Ndipo ndikutsekera m’ndende kwa olimbikitsa zanyengo, boma lidatumiza uthenga womveka bwino, atero a Ben Swanton, omwe amagwira ntchito pazaufulu wa anthu ku The 88 Project: Zolimbikitsa zanyengo “zilibe malire.”

Omenyera zanyengo anali atamangidwa kale pomwe mgwirizanowo udachitika

Vietnam ndi limodzi mwa mayiko ochepa omwe asankhidwa mpaka pano kuti apeze ndalama zanyengo kudzera mu pulogalamu ya JETP. Dziko lililonse limapereka zovuta zake. Ku South Africa, komwe kumawotcha malasha chifukwa cha magetsi ake ambiri, kuzimitsidwa kosatha komanso ndale zapanyumba zomwe zimakhala ndi minga akuti ayika ndalama pachiwopsezo. Ku Indonesia, owonera akuda nkhawa kuti zomwe boma likuchita ndi opereka ndalama komanso osunga ndalama ndi “nkhani zopanda pake” Pamene dziko likupitiriza kumanga nyumba zopangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito malasha.

Malasha amakhala aakulu ku Vietnam, nawonso. Chatsopano makina opanga magetsi akumangidwa. Koma kuleka kwa boma kusiya magulu a anthu kumabweretsa vuto lalikulu ku ndondomeko ya nyengo yomwe cholinga chake ndi kupindulitsa anthu ammudzi.

“Ndikofunikira kuti anthu onse azitenga nawo gawo pakusintha kobiriwira nthawi zonse ndipo palibe amene atsala,” kazembe wa US ndi kazembe ku Vietnam. adatero pomwe pulogalamuyo idalengezedwa chaka chatha ndi Gulu la Zisanu ndi ziwiri (G7) olemera a demokalase, kuphatikiza EU, Denmark ndi Norway.

Koma pofika nthawiyo, ena mwa olimbikitsa zanyengo ku Vietnam – gulu lodziwika kuti Vietnam Four – anali atamangidwa kale. Zoti mgwirizanowu udasainidwabe ndi “zodabwitsa,” atero a Emilie Palamy Pradichit, loya wa ufulu wachibadwidwe ku Thailand komanso woyambitsa Manushya Foundation. Ananenanso kuti akuwonetsa kuti mayiko olemera komanso osunga ndalama “sasamala kwenikweni zakuti anthu omenyera ufulu wanyengo atsekeredwa m’ndende.”

Atakakamiza boma la Vietnam kuti lichepetse kudalira dzikolo pamagetsi oyaka ndi malasha ndikuyika chandamale chochotsa mpweya, Bach, Mai Phan Loi ndi Bach Hung Duong adamangidwa mu June 2021 ndikuimbidwa mlandu wozemba msonkho. Khanh, wopambana wa Mphoto ya Goldman Environmental Prizeadamangidwa kumayambiriro kwa 2022 komanso kuimbidwa mlandu wozemba msonkho.

Pulogalamu ya 88 adatero mu lipoti laposachedwapa kuti milanduyi ikuwoneka kuti “inagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachisawawa pofuna kuzunza ndale.”

Aliyense mwa otsutsawo adatsutsidwa m’mayesero otsekedwa, malinga ndi lipotilo, lomwe linatchulidwa m’makalata otumizidwa ku mayiko ndi mabungwe azachuma omwe akuthandizira JETP ya Vietnam. Chilango chawo chokhala m’ndende chinali pakati pa zaka ziwiri mpaka zisanu.

“Anatha kutsutsa ulamuliro wa boma pakupanga ndondomeko,” Swanton, yemwe analemba lipotilo, akutero ponena za Vietnam Four. Koma zimenezi zitachitika, ananena kuti panali “chiyanjo choopsa kwambiri”.

Patangopita masiku angapo Khanh ataweruzidwa chaka chatha, a State Department inalimbikitsa Vietnam kuti amasule ndi ena omenyera chilengedwe omwe adamangidwa. Koma Vietnam adawasunga m’ndende. Miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pambuyo pake, US ndi anzawo adalengeza za mgwirizano wanyengo ndi Vietnam.

“United States imayitana Vietnam pa ufulu wa anthu,” akutero Murray Hiebert, yemwe amagwira ntchito ku Southeast Asia pulogalamu ku Center for Strategic and International Studies. “Koma ndizongolankhula, ndipo US sichilanga.”

Omenyera ufulu wa anthu akufuna kusintha kwakukulu ku Vietnam

Boma la Biden likufuna ubale wapamtima ndi Vietnam. Ndi dziko lomwe likukula mwachangu mdera lomwe US ​​ndi ena ogwirizana nawo akuyesera kubwerera ku China. Vietnam anali adaitanidwa ku msonkhano wa G7 ngati mlendo sabata yatha ku Japan. Japan sanayankhe uthenga wofuna ndemanga pa zomwe akuti akuzunzidwa ku Vietnam kwa omenyera nyengo.

Pankhani ya kusintha kwa nyengo, akadaulo komanso olimbikitsa zachilengedwe ati dziko la Vietnam likufunika ndalama zomwe ikuperekedwa kudzera ku bungwe la JETP. Dzikoli lili pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kusefukira kwa madzi komanso kutentha kwakukulu, ndipo ndalamazi zingathandize kuchepetsa kudalira malasha – gwero lalikulu kwambiri la mpweya wa carbon womwe ukuyambitsa kutentha kwa dziko. Koma akatswiri komanso akatswiri ofufuza za ufulu wa anthu ati pakali pano, nkhawa yaikulu ya chipani cholamula cha Communist Party ikuoneka kuti ikusungabe mphamvu zake pa ndale.

“Maboma onse achikomyunizimu akuda nkhawa kwambiri [about] kusintha kwa mitundu,” akutero Hiebert, ponena za zipolowe zomwe kale zinali mu Soviet Union ndi Yugoslavia.

Ndondomeko ya momwe JETP idzagwiritsire ntchito ikuyembekezeka kusindikizidwa pofika November.

Sizikudziwika kuti Vietnam ingakhale yokonzeka kupita kutali bwanji kuti iwonetsetse kuti ipeza ndalamazo. Ogwira ntchito omwe adasaina makalata ku US ndi ena omwe akuthandizira mgwirizanowu akufuna zitsimikizo kuti magulu a anthu azitha kutenga nawo mbali momasuka pakupanga ndi kuyang’anira momwe JETP ikugwiritsidwira ntchito.

Vietnam “iyenera kulola kuti anthu azitukuka,” akutero Pradichit, loya wa ufulu wachibadwidwe, komanso “kuchita nawo ntchito yoyang’anira, kuyang’anira ndi kuyang’anira boma.”

Mneneri wa Glasgow Financial Alliance ya Net Zero, yomwe imayimira osunga ndalama omwe akuyembekezeka kukweza theka la ndalama za JETP, adati “kukambilana nthawi zonse kudzafunika ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma ndi anthu ena.”

Komabe, ngakhale kukakamizidwa ndi mayiko akunja kukuwoneka kuti kwathandizira kuti Khanh amasulidwe, palibe chizindikiro chakusintha kwakukulu momwe boma limachitira ndi mabungwe a anthu, akuti munthu yemwe amagwira ntchito ndi mabungwe omwe si aboma ku Vietnam. Munthuyo anakana kulankhula pa kaundula chifukwa ankaopa kuti boma limubwezera.

Swanton akuti boma la Vietnam lawonetsa “palibe chikhumbo kapena kusafuna ndale kuchita ndi anthu.”

Bungwe la UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention lati likuda nkhawa ndi momwe anthu amakhalira m’ndende popanda zifukwa zomveka ku Vietnam zomwe “zingakhale kuphwanya kwakukulu malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi.” Dipatimenti Yaboma akuti pakhala “vuto lalikulu” ndi boma la Vietnam likulunjika anthu omwe amatsutsa kulanda malo ndi zina zomwe likuwona kuti ndizokhudza ndale.

Akatswiri a zaufulu wa anthu ndi chitukuko cha mayiko akuti kupita patsogolo ndi JETP ya dzikoli pansi pazimenezi kudzakhala chitsanzo choopsa – pa ufulu wa anthu komanso kuyesetsa kuwonjezera ndalama zothandizira ntchito za nyengo. Otsatsa ndalama akufuna kuyankha zambiri, akutero Liu wa World Resources Institute, kotero akudziwa kuti ndalama zawo zikugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino.

Bruce Shoemaker, membala wa bungwe la Inclusive Development International anati: “Koma ngati mulibe maboma ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito omwe adzachita mwachilungamo komanso mokomera anthu onse, ndiye kuti simungapambane.”